Download Excel File List of Pathogenic bacteria

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List of pathogenic bacteria by basic laboratory characteristics,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,SNo,Genus,Important species,Gram staining,Shape,Capsulation,Bonding tendency,Motility,Respiration,Growth medium,Intra/Extracellular1,Bordetella,Bordetella pertussis,Gram-negative,Small coccobacilli,Encapsulated,singly or in pairs,,aerobic,Regan-Lowe agar,extracellular,,,,,,,,,,2,Borrelia,Borrelia burgdorferi,"Gram-negative, but stains poorly",spirochete,,"Long, slender, flexible, spiral- or corkscrew-shaped rods",highly motile,anaerobic,(difficult to culture),extracellular,,,,,,,,,,3,Brucella,Brucella abortus,Gram-negative,Small coccobacilli,Unencapsulated,singly or in pairs,non-motile,aerobic,Blood agar,intracellular,,Brucella canis,,,,,,,,,,Brucella melitensis,,,,,,,,,,Brucella suis,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,4,Campylobacter,Campylobacter jejuni,Gram-negative,"Curved, spiral, or S-shaped",Unencapsulated,Singly,characteristic darting motion,microaerophilic,Blood agar inhibiting other fecal flora,extracellular,,,,"bacilli with single, polar flagellum",,,,,,5,Chlamydia and Chlamydophila,Chlamydia pneumoniae,(not Gram-stained),"Small, round, ovoid",Unencapsulated,,motile,Facultative or strictly aerobic,,Obligate intracellular,,Chlamydia trachomatis,,,,,,,,,,Chlamydophila psittaci,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,6,Clostridium,Clostridium botulinum,Gram-positive,"Large, blunt-ended rods",Normally encapsulated,,mostly motile,Obligate anaerobic,Anaerobic blood agar,extracellular,,Clostridium difficile,,,,,,,,,,Clostridium perfringens,,,,,,,,,,Clostridium tetani,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,7,Corynebacterium,Corynebacterium diphtheriae,Gram-positive (unevenly),"Small, slender, pleomorphic rods",Unencapsulated,clumps looking like Chinese characters or a picket fence,nonmotile,Mostly facultative anaerobic,Aerobically on Tinsdale agar,extracellular,,,,,,,,,,8,Enterococcus,Enterococcus faecalis,Gram-positive,Round to ovoid (cocci),,pairs or chains,Non-motile,Facultative Anaerobic,"6.5% NaCl, bile-esculin agar",extracellular,,Enterococcus faecium,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,9,Escherichia,Escherichia coli,Gram-negative,Short rods (bacilli),Encapsulated and Unencapsulated,,Normally motile,Facultative anaerobic,MacConkey agar,extracellular or intracellular,,,,,,,,,,10,Francisella,Francisella tularensis,Gram-negative,"Small, pleomorphic coccobacillus",Encapsulated,,Non-motile,strictly aerobic,(rarely cultured),Facultative intracellular,,,,,,,,,,11,Haemophilus,Haemophilus influenzae,Gram-negative,"Ranging from small coccobacillus to long, slender filaments",Encapsulated or Unencapsulated,,Non-motile,,Chocolate agar with hemin and NAD+,extracellular,,,,,,,,,,12,Helicobacter,Helicobacter pylori,Gram-negative,Curved or spiral rods,,,"rapid, corkscrew motility",Microaerophile,Medium containing antibiotics against other fecal flora,extracellular,,,,pultiple polar flagella,,,,,,13,Legionella,Legionella pneumophila,"Gram-negative, but stains poorly","Slender rod in nature, cocobacillary in laboratory.",unencapsulated,,motile,aerobic,Specialized medium,facultative intracellular,,,,monotrichious flagella,,,,,,14,Leptospira,Leptospira interrogans,"Gram-negative, but stains poorly","Long, very slender, flexible, spiral- or corkscrew-shaped rods",,,Highly motile,Strictly aerobic,Specialized medium,extracellular,,,,,,,,,,15,Listeria,Listeria monocytogenes,"Gram-positive, darkly","Slender, short rods",,diplobacilli or short chains,Distinct tumbling motility in liquid medium,Facultative Anaerobic,enriched medium,intracellular,,,,,,,,,,16,Mycobacterium,Mycobacterium leprae,(none),"Long, slender rods",Unencapsulated,,nonmotile,aerobic,M. tuberculosis: Lowenstein-Jensen agar,extracellular,,Mycobacterium tuberculosis,,,,,,,M. leprae: (none),,,Mycobacterium ulcerans,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,17,Mycoplasma,Mycoplasma pneumoniae,(none),"Plastic, pleomorphic",Encapsulated,singly or in pairs,,Mostly facultative anaerobic; M.pneumoniae strictly aerobic,(rarely cultured),extracellular,,,,,,,,,,18,Neisseria,Neisseria gonorrhoeae,Gram-negative,Kidney bean-shaped,Encapsulated or Unencapsulated,diplococci,Non-motile,aerobic,Thayer-Martin agar,Gonococcus: facultative intracellular,,Neisseria meningitidis,,,,,,,,N. meningitidis: extracellular,,,,,,,,,,19,Pseudomonas,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Gram-negative,rods,encapsulated,,motile,Obligate aerobic,MacConkey agar,extracellular,,,,,,,,,,20,Rickettsia,Rickettsia rickettsii,"Gram-negative, but stains poorly","Small, rod-like coccobacillary",Slime/microcapsule,,Non-motile,Aerobic,(rarely cultured),Obligate intracellular,,,,,,,,,,21,Salmonella,Salmonella typhi,Gram-negative,Bacilli,Encapsulated,,Normally motile,Facultative anaerobic,MacConkey agar,Facultative intracellular,,Salmonella typhimurium,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,22,Shigella,Shigella sonnei,Gram-negative,rods,Unencapsulated,,Non-motile,Facultative anaerobic,Hektoen agar,extracellular,,,,,,,,,,23,Staphylococcus,Staphylococcus aureus,"Gram-positive, darkly",Round cocci,Encapsulated or Unencapsulated,in bunches like grapes,Non-motile,Facultative anaerobic,enriched medium (broth and/or blood),extracellular,,Staphylococcus epidermidis,,,,,,,,,,Staphylococcus saprophyticus,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,24,Streptococcus,Streptococcus agalactiae,Gram-positive,ovoid to spherical,Encapsulated or Unencapsulated,pairs or chains,nonmotile,Facultative anaerobic,blood agar,extracellular,,Streptococcus pneumoniae,,,,,,,,,,Streptococcus pyogenes,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,25,Treponema,Treponema pallidum,"Gram-negative, but stains poorly","Long, slender, flexible, spiral- or corkscrew-shaped rods",,,highly motile,Aerobic,none,extracellular,,,,,,,,,,26,Vibrio,Vibrio cholerae,Gram-negative,"Short, curved, rod-shaped with single polar flagellum",Unencapsulated,,rapidly motile,Facultative anaerobic,blood- or MacConkey agar. Stimulated by NaCl,extracellular,,,,,,,,,,27,Yersinia,Yersinia pestis,"Gram-negative, stains bipolarly",Small rods,encapsulated,,nonmotile,Facultative Anaerobe,MacConkey or CIN agar,Intracellular,,Yersinia enterocolitica,,,,,,,,,,Yersinia pseudotuberculosis,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,List of pathogenic bacteria by clinical characteristics,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,SNo,Species,Transmission,Diseases,Treatment,Prevention,laboratory diagnosis,,,,1,Bacillus anthracis,"Contact with sheep, goats and horses",Cutaneous anthrax,In early infection:,Anthrax vaccine,"Large, grayish, nonhemolytic colonies with irregular borders on blood agar",,,,,,Inhalation or skin penetration through abrasions of spore-contaminated dust,Pulmonary anthrax,,autoclaving of instruments,Direct immunofluorescence,,,,,,,Gastrointestinal anthrax,Penicillin,,,,,,,,,,Doxycycline,,,,,,,,,,Ciprofloxacin,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,2,Bordetella pertussis,Contact with respiratory droplets expelled by infected human hosts.,Whooping cough,Macrolide antibiotics,"Pertussis vaccine, DPT vaccine",Direct immunofluorescence,,,,,,,,,,PCR amplification,,,,,,,Complications:,Azithromycin,,,,,,,,,,Erythromycin,,,,,,,,,Secondary bacterial pneumonia,Clarithromycin,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,3,Borrelia burgdorferi,Ixodes ticks,Lyme disease,Early stages:,Lyme vaccine,Microscopy using Giemsa or Wright stain,,,,,,"reservoir in deer, mice and other rodents",,cephalosporins,wearing clothing that limits skin exposure to ticks,PCR,,,,,,,,amoxicillin,insect repellent,serology (low precision rate),,,,,,,,doxycycline,,,,,,,,,,If arthritic symptoms have appeared:,,,,,,,,,,Longer courses of antibiotics,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,4,Brucella abortus,Direct contact with infected animal,Brucellosis,Combination therapy of:,-,Culture (difficult and time consuming),,,,,Brucella canis,"Oral, by ingestion of unpasteurized milk or milk products",,,,Agglutination serology,,,,,Brucella melitensis,,,doxycycline,,,,,,,Brucella suis,,,streptomycin or gentamicin,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,5,Campylobacter jejuni,Fecal/oral from animals (mammals and fowl),Acute enteritis,Symptomatically by fluid and electrolyte replacement,No available vaccine,Finding campylobacter in feces,,,,,,Contaminated meat (especially poultry),,Ciprofloxacin in severe cases,,,,,,,,Contaminated water,,,Good hygiene,,,,,,,,,,Avoiding contaminated water,,,,,,,,,,Pasteurizing milk and milk products,,,,,,,,,,Cooking meat (especially poultry),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,6,Chlamydia pneumoniae,Respiratory droplets,Community-acquired respiratory infection,Doxycycline,None,None for routine use,,,,,,,,Erythromycin,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,7,Chlamydia trachomatis,"Sexual (NGU, LGV)",Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU),Azithromycin,No vaccine,Cellular cytoplasmic inclusions by immunofluorescence,,,,,,Direct or contaminated surfaces and flies (trachoma),Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV),Erythromycin,,DNA hybridization,,,,,,Passage through birth canal (ICN),Trachoma,Tetracyclines,Erythromycin or silver nitrate in newborn's eyes,ELISA for lipopolysaccharides,,,,,,,Inclusion conjunctivitis of the newborn (ICN),Doxycycline,Safe sex,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,8,Chlamydophila psittaci,Inhalation of dust with secretions or feces from birds (e.g. parrots),Psittacosis,Tetracycline,-,Rise in antibody titre,,,,,,,,Doxycycline,,Complement fixation,,,,,,,,Erythromycin (less efficient),,indirect immunofluorescence,,,,,,,,,,,,,,9,Clostridium botulinum,"Spores from soil and aquatic sediments contaminating vegetables, meat and fish",Botulism,Antitoxin (horse antiserum),Proper food preservation techniques,"Mouse inoculation detects toxin from food, intestinal contents or serum",,,,,,,,,,Culture in standard aerobic culture,,,,,,,,,,,,,,10,Clostridium difficile,Spores both indoors and outdoors,Pseudomembranous colitis,Discontinuing predisposing antibiotic,None,ELISA for Toxin ELISA for toxin A or B,,,,,,"Human flora, overgrowing when other flora is depleted",,Fluid and electrolyte replacement,,Endoscopy for pseudomembrane,,,,,,,,Vancomycin or metronidazole if severe,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,11,Clostridium perfringens,Spores in soil,Gas gangrene,Gas gangrene:,Appropriate food handling,Microscopically,,,,,,Human flora in vagina and GI tract,Acute food poisoning,,,"Blood agar culture, forming double-zone ?-hemolysis",,,,,,,Anaerobic cellulitis,Debridement or amputation,,Sugar fermentation,,,,,,,,Hyperbaric medicine,,Organic acid production,,,,,,,,High doses of penicillin G or doxycycline,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Food poisoning:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Self-limiting; Supportive care is sufficient,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,12,Clostridium tetani,"Spores in soil infecting puncture wounds, severe burns or surgery",Tetanus,Tetanus immune globulin,DPT vaccine,(difficult),,,,,,,,"Horse antitoxin, alternatively",,,,,,,,,,Sedatives,,,,,,,,,,Muscle relaxants,,,,,,,,,,Mechanical ventilation,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,13,Corynebacterium diphtheriae,Respiratory droplets,Diphtheria,Horse serum antitoxin,DPT vaccine,(no rapid),,,,,,Part of human flora,,Erythromycin,,,,,,,,,,Penicillin,,"Culture on Tinsdale agar, followed by immunologic precipitin reaction",,,,,,,,,,,,,,14,Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium,"Part of human flora, opportunistic or entering through GI tract or urinary system wounds",Nosocomial infections,Penicillin and an aminoglycoside,No vaccine,Culture in 6.5% NaCl,,,,,,,,Vancomycin,,Can hydrolyze esculin in presence of bile,,,,,,,,Quinupristin and dalfopristin,Hand washing and other nosocomial prevention,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,15,Escherichia coli (generally),"Part of gut flora, spreading extraintestinally or proliferating in the GI tract",Urinary tract infections (UTI),UTI:,(no vaccine or preventive drug),Culture on MacConkey agar and study carbohydrate fermentation patterns:,,,,,,,Diarrhea,,,Lactose fermentation (most E. coli strains),,,,,,,Meningitis in infants,(resistance-tests are required first),Food and water preparation,Gas production in glucose fermentation,,,,,,,,,Cooking ground beef and pasteurizing milk against O157:H7,Mannitol fermentation,,,,,,,,Co-trimoxazole,Hand washing and disinfection,,,,,,,,,"Fluoroquinolone, e.g. ciprofloxacin",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Meningitis:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Cephalosporin (e.g. cefotaxime) and gentamicin combination,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Diarrhea:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Antibiotics above shorten duration,,,,,,,,,,Electrolyte and fluid replacement,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,16,Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC),Fecal-oral through food and water,Traveller's diarrhea,,,,,,,,,Direct physical contact,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,17,Enteropathogenic E. coli,"Vertical, in utero or at birth",Diarrhea in infants,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,18,E. coli O157:H7,Reservoir in cattle,Hemorrhagic colitis,,,,,,,,,,Hemolytic-uremic syndrome,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,19,Francisella tularensis,vector-borne by arthropods,Tularemia,Streptomycin,Avoiding insect vectors,(rarely cultured),,,,,,"Infected wild or domestic animals, birds or house pets",,Gentamicin,Precautions when handling wild animals or animal products,,,,,,,,,,,Serology,,,,,,,,,,,,,,20,Haemophilus influenzae,Droplet contact,Bacterial meningitis,Meningitis:,Hib vaccine to infants,Culture on chocolate agar with hemin (factor X) and NAD+ (factor V),,,,,,Human flora of e.g. upper respiratory tract,Upper respiratory tract infections,,Rifampin prophylactically,Quellung reaction,,,,,,,"Pneumonia, bronchitis",(resistance-tests are required first),,Immunofluorescence staining of capsule,,,,,,,,,,Detection of capsular antigen in CSF or other body fluids,,,,,,,,"Third generation cephalosporin, e.g. cefotaxime or ceftriaxone",,,,,,,,,,Ampicillin and sulbactam combination,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,21,Helicobacter pylori,Colonizing stomach,Peptic ulcer,"Tetracycline, metronidazole and bismuth salt combination",(No vaccine or preventive drug),Microscopically,,,,,,Unclear person-to-person transmission,Risk factor for gastric carcinoma and gastric B-cell lymphoma,,,Corkscrew movement,,,,,,,,,,Urease-positivity by radioactively labeled urea,,,,,,,,,,Serology by ELISA,,,,,,,,,,,,,,22,Legionella pneumophila,"Droplet contact, from e.g. cooling towers, humidifiers, air conditioners and water distribution systems",Legionnaire's Disease,"Macrolides, e.g. erythromycin or azithromycin",(no vaccine or preventive drug),"Culture from respiratory secretions on buffered charcoal yeast extract enriched with L-cysteine, iron and ?-ketoglutarate",,,,,,,Pontiac fever,Fluoroquinolones,,"Serology, including direct immunofluorescence and radioimmunoassay for antigen in urine",,,,,,,,,Heating water,Hybridization to ribosomal RNA using DNA probe,,,,,,,,,,,,,,23,Leptospira interrogans,Food and water contaminated by e.g. urine from wild or domestic animals. Leptospira survives for weeks in stagnant water.,Leptospirosis,Penicillin G,(no vaccine),Dark-field microscopy on fresh blood smear (but doesn't stain well),,,,,,,,"Tetracycline, e.g. doxycycline",,Serologic agglutionation tests,,,,,,,,,Doxycycline,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Prevention of exposure,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Rodent control,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,24,Listeria monocytogenes,"Dairy products, ground meats, poultry",Listeriosis,Ampicillin,(no vaccine),Isolation from e.g. blood and CSF,,,,,,Vertical to newborn or fetus,,Co-trimoxazole,,,,,,,,,,,Proper food preparation and handling,Beta-hemolysis and catalase production on blood agar,,,,,,,,,,Microscopy for morphology and motility,,,,,,,,,,,,,,25,Mycobacterium leprae,"Prolonged human-human contact, e.g. through exudates from skin lesions to abrasion of other person",Leprosy (Hansen's disease),Tuberculoid form:,BCG vaccine shows some effects,Tuberculoid form:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Dapsone and rifampin,,Hard to isolate (diagnosis on clinical findings and histology of biopsies),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Lepromatous form:,,Lepromatous form:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Clofazimine,,Acid-fast staining from e.g. skin scrapings,,,,,,,,,,,,,,26,Mycobacterium tuberculosis,Droplet contact,Tuberculosis,"(difficult, see Tuberculosis treatment for more details)",BCG vaccine,Ziehl-Neelsen stain showing acid-fast bacteria,,,,,,,,,Isoniazid,"Hybridization probes for DNA, succeeded by PCR",,,,,,,,"Standard ""short"" course:",,Culture on Lowenstein-Jensen agar,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"First 2 months, combination:",,,,,,,,,,Isoniazid,,,,,,,,,,Rifampicin,,,,,,,,,,Pyrazinamide,,,,,,,,,,Ethambutol,,,,,,,,,,"Further 4 months, combination:",,,,,,,,,,Isoniazid,,,,,,,,,,Rifampicin,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,27,Mycoplasma pneumoniae,Human flora,Mycoplasma pneumonia,Doxycycline and erythromycin,,(difficult to culture),,,,,,Droplet contact,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Serologic tests, e.g. complement fixation test",,,,,,,,,,DNA probes on sputum specimens,,,,,,,,,,,,,,28,Neisseria gonorrhoeae,Sexually transmitted,Gonorrhea,Uncomplicated gonorrhea:,(No vaccine),Gram-negative diplococci in neutrophils from urethral exudates,,,,,,vertical in birth,Ophthalmia neonatorum,,,Oxidase test on culture on Thayer-Martin agar under increased oxygen tension,,,,,,,Septic arthritis,Ceftriaxone,Safe sex,Fermentation of glucose but not maltose,,,,,,,,"Tetracycline, e.g. doxycycline if also chlamydia is suspected",Tetracycline or erythromycin into eyes of newborn at risk,,,,,,,,,Spectinomycin for resistance or patient allergy to cephalosporin,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Ophthalmia neonatorum:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Tetracycline or erythromycin into eyes,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,29,Neisseria meningitidis,Respiratory droplets,Meningococcal disease including meningitis,Penicillin G,NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135 vaccine,"Microscopy showing gram-negative diplococci, often with PMNs",,,,,,,Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome,Cefotaxime,Rifampin,"Culture on chocolate agar, giving positive oxidase test and fermentation of glucose and maltose in 5% CO2 in air",,,,,,,,Ceftriaxone,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,30,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Infects damaged tissues or people with reduced immunity.,Pseudomonas infection,Aminoglycoside and anti-pseudomonal ?-lactam,(no vaccine),Colourless colonies on MacConkey agar.,,,,,,,,,,Production of pyocyanine and fluorescein,,,,,,,"Localized to eye, ear, skin, urinary, respiratory or gastrointestinal tract or CNS, or systemic with bacteremia, secondary pneumonia bone and joint infections, endocarditis, skin, soft tissue or CNS infections.",,Topical silver sulfadiazine for burn wounds,Positive oxidase test. No lactose fermentation.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,31,Rickettsia rickettsii,Bite of infected wood or dog tick,Rocky mountain spotted fever,Doxycycline,(no preventive drug or approved vaccine),Serology,,,,,,,,Chloramphenicol,,Immunofluorescence against Rickettsia antigens,,,,,,,,,"Vector control, such as clothing",,,,,,,,,,Prompt removal of attached ticks,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,32,Salmonella typhi,Human-human,"Typhoid fever type salmonellosis (dysentery, colitis)",Ceftriaxone,Ty21a and ViCPS vaccines,"Isolation from blood, feces, bone marrow, urine or rose spots on skin",,,,,,,,"Fluoroquinolones, e.g. ciprofloxacin",Hygiene and food preparation,"Colorless, non-lactose fermenting colonies on MacConkey agar",,,,,,Fecal-oral through food or water,,,,Serology for antibodies against O antigen,,,,,,,,,,,,,,33,Salmonella typhimurium,Fecal-oral,Salmonellosis with gastroenteritis and enterocolitis,Fluid and electrolyte replacement for severe diarrhea,(No vaccine or preventive drug),Colourless colonies on MacConkey agar,,,,,,"Food contaminated by fowl (e.g. eggs), pets and other animals",,Antibiotics (in immunocompromised to prevent systemic spread),,,,,,,,,,,Proper sewage disposal,,,,,,,,,,Food preparation,,,,,,,,,,Good personal hygiene,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,34,Shigella sonnei,Fecal-oral,Bacillary dysentery/Shigellosis,Ciprofloxacin or azithromycin,Protection of water and food supplies,Culture on Hektoen agar or other media for intestinal pathogens,,,,,,Flies,,,Vaccines are in trial stage,,,,,,,Contaminated food or water,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,35,Staphylococcus aureus,"Human flora on mucosae in e.g. anterior nares and vagina, entering through wound",Coagulase-positive staphylococcal infections:,Incision and drainage of localized lesions,(no vaccine or preventive drug),Microscopy showing strongly positive Gram stained cells in grape-like clusters,,,,,,,,Nafcillin and oxacillin,,Positive Catalase test and coagulase test,,,,,,,Localized skin infections,Vancomycin for Methicillin-resistant (MRSA),"Barrier precautions, washing hands and fomite disinfection in hospitals","Culture on enriched media producing deep yellow, hemolytic colonies",,,,,,,Diffuse skin infection (Impetigo),,,,,,,,,,"Deep, localized infections",,,,,,,,,,Acute infective endocarditis,,,,,,,,,,Septicemia,,,,,,,,,,Necrotizing pneumonia,,,,,,,,,,Toxinoses,,,,,,,,,,Toxic shock syndrome,,,,,,,,,,Staphylococcal food poisoning,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,36,Staphylococcus epidermidis,Human flora in skin and anterior nares,"Infections of implanted prostheses, e.g. heart valves and catheters",Vancomycin,None,Microscopy showing strongly positive Gram stained cells in grape-like clusters,,,,,,,,,,Positive Catalase test but negative coagulase test,,,,,,,,,,Novobiocin-sensitivity (S. epidermidis),,,,,,,,,,Novobiocin-resistance (S. saprophyticus),,,,,,,,,,"Culture on enriched media producing white, nonhemolytic colonies",,,,,,,,,,,,,,37,Staphylococcus saprophyticus,Part of normal vaginal flora,Cystitis in women,Penicillin G,None,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,38,Streptococcus agalactiae,"Human flora in vagina or urethral mucous membranes, rectum",Meningitis and septicemia in neonates,Penicillin G,None,Culture showing large colonies with ?-hemolysis,,,,,,,Endometritis in postpartum women,Ampicillin,,Negative catalase test,,,,,,Vertical transmission by birth,Opportunistic infections with septicemia and pneumonia,Aminoglycoside in case of lethal infection,,Hydrolyzes sodium hippurate,,,,,,Sexual,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,39,Streptococcus pneumoniae,Respiratory droplets,Acute bacterial pneumonia & meningitis in adults,Penicillin G,23-serotype vaccine for adults (PPV),"Microscopy showing gram-positive, encapsulated lancet-shaped diplococci",,,,,,Often human flora in nasopharynx (spreading in immunocompromised),Otitis media and sinusitis in children,Vancomycin for resistant strains,Heptavalent conjugated vaccine for children (PCV),"?-hemolysis on blood agar, bile-soluble, optochin-sensitive",,,,,,,,,,Positive Quellung reaction,,,,,,,,,,,,,,40,Streptococcus pyogenes,Respiratory droplets,Streptococcal pharyngitis,Penicillin G,No vaccine,"Culture on sheep blood agar forming small, opalescent surrounded by large zone of ?-hemolysis",,,,,,Direct physical contact with impetigo lesions,Scarlet fever,"Macrolide, e.g. clarithromycin or azithromycin in penicillin allergy",,Serology for ASO,,,,,,,Rheumatic fever,Drainage and debridement for Necrotizing fasciitis,Rapid antibiotic treatment helps prevent rheumatic fever,Very bacitracin-sensitive,,,,,,,Impetigo and erysipelas,,,,,,,,,,Puerperal fever,,,,,,,,,,Necrotizing fasciitis,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,41,Treponema pallidum,Sexual,Syphilis,Penicillin G,No preventive drug or vaccine,Cannot be cultured or viewed in gram-stained smear,,,,,,,Congenital syphilis,Erythromycin or tetracycline if penicillin allergy,,,,,,,,,,,Safe sex,Dark field microscopy,,,,,,,,,Antibiotics to pregnant women at risk of transmitting congenital syphilis,"Serology, including nontreponemal (VDRL, RPR) and treponemal tests (FTA-ABS, TPI, TPHA)",,,,,,,,,,,,,,42,Vibrio cholerae,"Contaminated water and food, especially raw seafood",Cholera,Fluid and electrolyte replacement,Preventing fecal contamination of water supplies and food,"Culture on blood or MacConkey agar, enhanced by TCBS",,,,,,,,e.g. doxycycline to shorten duration,Adequate food preparation,Positive oxidase test,,,,,,,,,,,,,,43,Yersinia pestis,Fleas from animals,Plague:,Streptomycin primarily,Formalin-killed plague vaccine,Gram-negative smear,,,,,,Ingestion of animal tissues,,Gentamicin,Minimize exposure to rodents and fleas,"If pneumonic, culture from aspirate on MacConkey or blood agar",,,,,,Respiratory droplets,Bubonic plague,Tetracyclin,,,,,,,,,Pneumonic plague,Supportive therapy for shock,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,For other more formats kindly visit : www.downloadexcelfiles.com,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Original source : en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogenic_bacteria,,,,,,,,,,